Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals
Skip to main content
Restricted access
Research article
First published January 2006

Branding the nation: What is being branded?

Abstract

Nation branding and nation brand are two different concepts. A nation has a brand image with or without nation branding. This paper examines the concept of nation branding, focusing on the central question of what is being branded. It differentiates nation branding from product branding, and draws comparisons between nation branding and productcountry image. Paradoxical issues around the concept and the wider context in which nation branding can be applied are also discussed. More research is needed to find out if and how nation branding could help economic development in a country. As many other non-marketing factors also affect a nation's image, the role played by nation branding may turn out to be only a modest one.

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

References

Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L. (2002) ‘Country Equity and Country Branding: Problems and Prospects’, Journal of Brand Management, 9(4/5): 294–314 .
Al-Sulaiti, K. I. and Baker, M. J. (1998) ‘Country of Origin Effects: A Literature Review’, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 16(3): 150–199 .
Shimp, T. A., Samiee, S. and Madden, T. J. (1993) ‘Countries and Their Products: A Cognitive Structure Perspective’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 21(4): 323–330 .
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1995). Harlow: Pearson Longman .
Kleppe, I. A. (2002) ‘Country Images in Marketing Strategies: Conceptual Issues and an Empirical Asian Illustration’, Journal of Brand Management, 10(1): 61–74 .
Kotler, P. (2002) ‘Country as Brand, Product and Beyond: A Place Marketing and Brand Management Perspective’, Journal of Brand Management, 9(4/5): 249–261 .
Anholt S. (1998) ‘Nation-Brands of the Twenty-First Century’, Journal of Brand Management, 5(6): 395–406
Jaffe, E. D. and Nebenzahl, I. D. (2001) National Image and Competitive Advantage: The Theory and Practice of Country-of-Origin Effect. Frederiksberg: Copenhagen Business School Press .
Kotler, P. (2003) Marketing Management, 11th edn. Harlow: Prentice-Hall .
Olins, W. (1999) ‘Trading Identities; Why Countries and Companies Are Taking on Each Other's Roles’, URL (consulted June 2005): www.wollf-olins.com
Frost, R. (2004) ‘Mapping a Country's Future’, available at brandchannel.com, consulted June 2005.
Frost, ref. 11 above.
Centaur Communications (2003) ‘Britain is Driving Forward With No One at the Wheel’, Brand Strategy, 9 June: 10-10.
Keller, K. L. (1993) ‘Conceptualising, Measuring and Managing Customer Based Brand Equity’, Journal of Marketing, 57(1): 1–22 .
Klein, J. G., Ettenson, R. and Morris, M. D. (1998) ‘The Animosity Model of Foreign Product Purchase: An Empirical Test in the People's Republic of China’, Journal of Marketing, 62(1): 89–100 .
Roth, M. S. (1995) ‘The Effects of Culture and Socioeconomics on the Performance of Global Brand Image Strategies’, Journal of Marketing Research, 32(5): 163–175 .
O'Shaughnessy, J. and O'Shaughnessy, N. J. (2000) ‘Testing the Nation as a Brand: Some Neglected Issues’, Journal of Macromarketing, 20(1): 56–64 .
O'Shaughnessy and O'Shaughnessy, ref. 17 above.
Taylor, P. J. (2001) ‘Which Britain? Which England? Which North?’, in Morley, D. and Robins, K. (eds) British Culture Studies. Oxford University Press .
Olins, W. (1997) ‘Branding Britain Report’, URL (consulted June 2005): www.wollf-olins.com/britain/brit_content.htm
The Economist (2003) ‘London's Comings and Goings: Migration’, The Economist, 9 August: 24-24.
Lincolnshire County News Monthly (2003) ‘Letter to the Editor’, Lincolnshire County News Monthly, August.
Olins, W. (2002) ‘Branding the Nation – The Historical Context’, Journal of Brand Management, 9(4/5): 241–248 .
Olins, W. (2003) ‘How to Brand a Nation’, Business at Oxford, 2: 9, URL (consulted June 2005): www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/downloads/sbsnews_Feb_2003.pdf
Ahmet, T. (2003) ‘Whether the Low Level of Tourism in North Cyprus is Down to the Ineffective Application of Contemporary Marketing Theory’, unpublished BA thesis, University of Lincoln.
Ray, A. (2003) ‘National Identity’, Design Week, 20 February: 26-26.
Anholt, S. (2003) Brand New Justice. The Upside of Global Branding. London: Butterworth-Heinemann .
Riston, M. (2004) ‘Liechtenstein's Five Steps to Superficial Change’, Marketing, 8 September: 23-23.