Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals
Skip to main content
Restricted access
Research article
First published online October 12, 2019

Strategy and Strategic Alignment

Abstract

The article is written to elaborate the meaning of the term ‘strategy’ and the domain it covers. It presents the common views about what strategy is and explains the meaning of each of them. It also argues that one of the views, strategy as an overarching ‘alignment’, is a common thread running through most of the views. Two examples are given to explain this view better. The article is expected to help the reader appreciate the domain of strategy and link it with the other functional areas.

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

References

Ahmed N. M. (2002). The war on freedom: How and why America was attacked, September 11th 2001. California: Tree of Life.
Andrews K. R. (1971). Concept of corporate strategy. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.
Ansoff H. I. (1965). Corporate strategy: Business policy for growth and expansion. McGraw-Hill.
Argote L., Ingram P. (2000). Knowledge transfer: A basis for competitive advantage in firms. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 150–169.
Barney J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120.
Beinhocker E. D. (1997). Strategy at the edge of chaos. The McKinsey Quarterly, (1), 25.
Bennett N., Lemoine G. J. (2014). What a difference a word makes: Understanding threats to performance in a VUCA world. Business Horizons, 57(3), 311–317.
Bjelopera J. P., Randol M. A. (2011, December). The Federal Bureau of Investigation and terrorism investigations. Washington DC, WA: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.
Bright J. R. (1958). Automation and management. Boston, MA: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University.
Burack E. H. (1967). Industrial management in advanced production systems: Some theoretical concepts and preliminary findings. Administrative Science Quarterly, 12(3), 479–500.
Chamberlain E. (1933). The theory of monopolistic competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Chandler A. D. (1962). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of American industrial enterprises. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Cohen W. M., Levinthal D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128–152.
Collis D. J., Montgomery C. A. (1995). Competing on resources: Strategy in the 1990s. Harvard Business Review, 73(4), 25–40.
Drucker P. F. (1954). The practice of management: A study of the most important function in America society. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Drucker P. (1994). The theory of the business. Harvard Business Review, 72(5), 95–104.
Duncan R. B. (1972). Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(3), 313–327.
Eisenhardt K. M., Martin J. A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21(10–11), 1105–1121.
Grant R. M. (1991). The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: Implications for strategy formulation. California Management Review, 33(3), 114–135.
Grant R. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 109–122.
Hamel G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 68(3), 79–91.
Hamel G., Prahalad C. K. (1993). Strategy as stretch and leverage. Harvard Business Review, 71(2), 75–84.
Hamel G., Prahalad C. K. (2005). Strategic intent. Harvard Business Review, 83(7), 148–161.
Harvey E. (1968). Technology and the structure of organizations. American Sociological Review, 33(2), 247–259.
Hoskisson R. E., Eden L., Lau C. M., Wright M. (2000). Strategy in emerging economies. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 249–267.
Jelinek M., Burstein M. C. (1982). The production administrative structure: A paradigm for strategic fit. Academy of Management Review, 7(2), 242–252.
Khanna T., Palepu K. (2000a). Is group affiliation profitable in emerging markets? An analysis of diversified Indian business groups. The Journal of Finance, 55(2), 867–891.
Khanna T., Palepu K. (2000b). The future of business groups in emerging markets: Long-run evidence from Chile. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 268–285.
Kogut B., Zander U. (1992). Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organization Science, 3(3), 383–397.
Kor Y. Y., Mahoney J. T. (2004). Edith Penrose’s (1959) Contributions to the resource-based view of strategic management. Journal of Management Studies, 41(1), 183–191.
Lawrence P. R., Lorsch J. W. (1967). Organization and environment. Boston, MA: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University
Miles R. E., Snow C. C., Meyer A. D., Coleman H. J. (1978). Organizational strategy, structure, and process. Academy of Management Review, 3(3), 546–562.
Mintzberg H. (1978). Patterns in strategy formation. Management Science, 24(9), 934–948.
Mintzberg H. (1987). The strategy concept I: Five Ps for strategy. California Management Review, 30(1), 11–24.
Mowery D. C., Oxley J. E., Silverman B. S. (1996). Strategic alliances and interfirm knowledge transfer. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 77–91.
Nadler D. A., Tushman M. L. (1989). Organizational frame bending: Principles for managing reorientation. Academy of Management Perspectives, 3(3), 194–204.
Osborn R. N., Hunt J. G. (1974). Environment and organizational effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19(2), 231–246.
Peng M. W. (2003). Institutional transitions and strategic choices. Academy of Management Review, 28(2), 275–296.
Penrose E. (1959). The theory of the growth of the firm. New York, NY: John Wiley& Sons.
Peteraf M. A. (1993). The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14(3), 179–191.
Porter M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Porter M. E. (1985). Competitive advantage. Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Prahalad C. K., Hamel G. (1990). Core competency concept. Harvard Business Review, 64(3), 70–92.
Priem R. L., Butler J. E. (2001). Is the resource-based ‘view’ a useful perspective for strategic management research? Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 22–40.
Schendel D. E., Hatten K. J. (1972, August). Business policy or strategic management: A broader view for an emerging discipline. Academy of Management Proceedings, 1972(1), 99–102).
Sirmon D. G., Hitt M. A., Ireland R. D. (2007). Managing firm resources in dynamic environments to create value: Looking inside the black box. Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 273–292.
Stalk G., Evans P., Shulman L. E. (1992). Competing on capabilities: The new rules of corporate strategy. Harvard Business Review, 70(2), 57–69.
Teece D. J., Pisano G., Shuen A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509–533.
Thompson J. D. (1967). Organizations in action: Social science bases of administrative theory. New York Routledge.
Thompson J. D., Bates F. L. (1957). Technology, organization, and administration. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2(3), 325–343.
Udy S. H. (1962). Administrative rationality, social setting, and organizational development. American Journal of Sociology, 68(3), 299–308.
US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and US House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. (2002). Joint inquiry into intelligence community activities before and after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Washington DC, WA: Authors.
Van de Ven A. H. (1979). Review of Howard E. Aldrich’s organization and environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 320–326.
Venkatraman N., Camillus J. C. (1984). Exploring the concept of ‘fit’ in strategic management. Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 513–525.
Von Neumann J., Morgenstern O. (1947). Theory of games and economic behavior (2nd rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Wernerfelt B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171–180.
Wiklund J., Shepherd D. A. (2009). The effectiveness of alliances and acquisitions: The role of resource combination activities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(1), 193–212.
Winter S. G. (2003). Understanding dynamic capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 24(10), 991–995.
Woodward J. (1965). (ed.) Industrial organization: Behavior and contol. London: Oxford University Press.
Zahra S. A., George G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185–203.
Zegart A. B. (2009). Spying blind: The CIA, the FBI, and the origins of 9/11. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Author’s Bio-sketch

Indrajit Mukherjee is a faculty member of XLRI Jamshedpur in the Strategy Area, with industry experience of over a decade. After completing his doctoral program from IIM Calcutta he has been with XLRI since 2010. His research has been in the area of strategic issues in emerging economies with specialised focus on technology development. His teaching and training interests include strategic management, strategy implementation and business turnaround/transformation. He has developed new post graduate programme, restructured programmes, and introduced new methods of training senior managers in industry. A graduate from IIT Kharagpur, Indrajit had reverse engineered and indigenised foreign technology of industrial burners and developed innovative systems. He has developed new businesses, restructured business and set up a new company. As an angel investor and board member, he has been instrumental in developing the vision and strategic direction of one of the fastest growing financial sector startups in eastern India.