What determines women’s political representation at the local level? A fine-grained analysis of the European regions
Abstract
Mainly investigating the share of women in national parliaments, the vast cross-national literature on women’s descriptive (numerical) representation frequently overlooks women’s local representation. Yet, local councils are important political arenas. To what extent are women underrepresented there? What are the determinants of the variation of women’s local representation within and across countries? We investigate these questions through a subnational-level study, covering 272 regions in 29 European countries. Using multilevel modeling, we find that regions with high female labor force participation support for leftist rather than radical right parties and high degrees of urbanization tend to elect more women. Our results also indicate that high women’s representation levels at the national level trickle down to the local level.
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Appendices
| Country | Sources |
|---|---|
| Austria | The Verbindungsstelle der Bundesländer and additional regional authorities |
| Belgium | The Information Centre of the Brussels Region, the Agentschap voor Binnenlands Bestuur, and the Union des Villes et Communes de Wallonie |
| Bulgaria | The Central Election Commission of Bulgaria |
| Croatia | Croatian Bureau of Statistics |
| Czech Republic | The Headquarters of the Czech Statistical Office |
| Denmark | The Danish statistical yearbook 2011 |
| Estonia | Elections Department of the Chancellery of the Riigikogu |
| Finland | Statistics Finland |
| France | Dr Aurelia Troupel, Montpellier 1 University |
| Germany | Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistischer Informationsservice, and Landesbetrieb für Statistik und Kommunikationstechnologie Niedersachsen |
| Greece | The Hellenic Ministry of Interior |
| Hungary | The National Election Office of Hungary |
| Iceland | Statistics Iceland |
| Ireland | Dr Adrian Kavanagh and Dr Claire McGing, National University of Ireland |
| Italy | The Ministry of Interior, Italy |
| Latvia | Central Election Commission of Latvia |
| Lithuania | The Central Electoral Commission of the Republic of Lithuania |
| Netherlands | The Dutch Institute for Public Administration |
| Norway | Statistics Norway |
| Poland | The National Electoral Commission of Poland |
| Portugal | The Directorate of Legal Services and Electoral Studies of the Direcção Geral de Administração Interna |
| Romania | Respective regional authorities’ websites |
| Slovakia | The Association of Towns and Communities of Slovakia |
| Slovenia | Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia |
| Spain | The Ministry of Interior, Spain |
| Sweden | The unit for Democracy Statistics of Statistics Sweden |
| Switzerland | Dr Andreas Ladner, University of Lausanne |
| Turkey | Turkish Statistical Institute |
| United Kingdom | The UK Local Government Association, the Welsh Local Government Association, the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities, the Belfast Local Government Staff Commission |
A more thorough description is available in Sundström (2013).
| SE32 | 46.49 | BE2 | 36.14 | DEF | 29.5 | NL13 | 25.43 | NL42 | 20.82 | ITE4 | 12.98 |
| SE12 | 44.66 | FR24 | 36 | IE022 | 29.43 | DE2 | 25.2 | AT34 | 20.7 | RO21 | 12.62 |
| SE33 | 44.63 | FR53 | 36 | HU21 | 29.42 | PL22 | 24.95 | SI01 | 20.65 | IE025 | 12.33 |
| SE11 | 44.01 | FR81 | 36 | HU31 | 29.41 | DE8 | 24.8 | SK04 | 20.53 | RO42 | 12.21 |
| NO01 | 43.83 | FI1A | 35.8 | CZ02 | 29.4 | PT11 | 24.73 | NL34 | 20.51 | GR23 | 12.1 |
| SE31 | 43.82 | EE007 | 35.61 | PL42 | 29.17 | LT006 | 24.36 | PL31 | 20.44 | CH07 | 11.89 |
| ES30 | 42.5 | AT13 | 35 | FR21 | 29 | GR30 | 24.34 | ITC1 | 20.33 | TR10 | 11.83 |
| ES21 | 42.4 | FR61 | 35 | FR43 | 29 | BG32 | 24.33 | ITC4 | 20.33 | ITG1 | 11.57 |
| SE23 | 42.15 | BE3 | 34.94 | FR83 | 29 | UKM | 24.04 | PL34 | 20.32 | GR14 | 11.41 |
| FR10 | 42 | PT17 | 34.36 | NL32 | 28.82 | NL31 | 24.04 | AT33 | 20.2 | TR31 | 11.38 |
| DE3 | 41.9 | FI19 | 34 | DEA | 28.8 | NL33 | 24.00 | DEC | 20 | GR21 | 11.24 |
| ES43 | 41.9 | FR23 | 34 | HU33 | 28.79 | CZ04 | 23.98 | ITG2 | 19.8 | ITF4 | 10.9 |
| ES23 | 41.6 | FR30 | 34 | PL62 | 28.66 | CH01 | 23.98 | ITD4 | 19.77 | RO32 | 10.71 |
| ES42 | 41.5 | FR63 | 34 | BG34 | 28.57 | LT005 | 23.91 | LT003 | 19.72 | GR25 | 10.59 |
| BE1 | 41.46 | NO04 | 33.85 | NL12 | 28.51 | CZ03 | 23.65 | DEE | 19.3 | RO12 | 10.41 |
| ES61 | 41.2 | UKE | 33.8 | DK03 | 28.5 | SK03 | 23.58 | AT11 | 19.26 | GR11 | 10 |
| ES62 | 40.9 | LV009 | 33.75 | UKG | 28.1 | UKN | 23.54 | DED | 19.2 | TRC2 | 9.76 |
| NO02 | 40.82 | FR26 | 33 | EE006 | 27.94 | CH06 | 23.54 | SK01 | 19.1 | ITF3 | 9.06 |
| ES53 | 40.7 | FR72 | 33 | HU32 | 27.93 | UKL | 23.50 | AT31 | 18.92 | TR51 | 8.32 |
| SE21 | 40.67 | DE7 | 33 | PT16 | 27.70 | NL22 | 23.48 | DE1 | 18.7 | TRC3 | 8.07 |
| ES52 | 40.5 | PT15 | 32.89 | HU22 | 27.68 | ITD5 | 23.46 | ITC3 | 18.67 | TR22 | 7.07 |
| ES22 | 40.4 | PL61 | 32.83 | LT002 | 27.61 | SI02 | 23.40 | RO31 | 18.46 | TR42 | 7.06 |
| ES70 | 39.9 | LV007 | 32.81 | LT00A | 27.57 | DEG | 23.3 | GR42 | 17.54 | TR21 | 6.57 |
| ES41 | 39.8 | DE6 | 32.7 | PL43 | 27.48 | CH03 | 23.30 | PL32 | 17.54 | TR41 | 6.52 |
| SE22 | 39.38 | LV003 | 32.22 | CZ05 | 27.46 | NL23 | 23.27 | ITD3 | 17 | TR81 | 6.05 |
| IS002 | 39.36 | LV008 | 32.21 | CZ08 | 27.22 | CZ06 | 23.24 | GR12 | 16.87 | TR62 | 5.90 |
| NO06 | 39.15 | FR25 | 32 | CZ07 | 26.64 | CH04 | 23.24 | RO22 | 16.83 | TRB2 | 5.58 |
| FR82 | 39 | FR62 | 32 | DEB | 26.5 | LT009 | 22.9 | ITE2 | 16.68 | TR90 | 4.98 |
| DE5 | 38.8 | PT20 | 31.66 | NL11 | 26.38 | SK02 | 22.84 | IE021 | 15.73 | TRB1 | 4.90 |
| NO07 | 38.73 | UKC | 31.4 | EE001 | 26.35 | LT004 | 22.68 | GR41 | 15.72 | TRA2 | 4.89 |
| DK01 | 38.6 | DK04 | 31.2 | NL21 | 26.34 | DE9 | 22.60 | GR13 | 15.7 | TR32 | 4.79 |
| ES13 | 38.6 | FR22 | 31 | AT12 | 26.22 | NL41 | 22.51 | IE023 | 15.67 | TR82 | 4.61 |
| NO03 | 38.32 | FR42 | 31 | AT22 | 26.2 | CH02 | 22.43 | RO41 | 15.18 | TR83 | 3.47 |
| ES12 | 38.2 | UKD | 30.8 | LT001 | 26.19 | CZ01 | 22.22 | RO11 | 14.64 | TR52 | 3.19 |
| FI20 | 38 | PT30 | 30.79 | PL11 | 26.18 | PL41 | 22.12 | IE012 | 14.58 | TRA1 | 2.78 |
| FI13 | 37.9 | PT18 | 30.77 | LT008 | 26.08 | ITC2 | 22.09 | GR24 | 14.4 | TR61 | 2.66 |
| ES11 | 37.9 | UKK | 30.7 | DK05 | 26 | BG42 | 22.07 | IE011 | 14.27 | TR33 | 2.32 |
| ES24 | 37.9 | UKH | 30.6 | DE4 | 26 | PL21 | 21.83 | GR43 | 14.02 | TRC1 | 2.11 |
| FI18 | 37.8 | DK02 | 30.5 | PL12 | 25.87 | CH05 | 21.71 | GR22 | 13.81 | TR72 | 1.95 |
| NO05 | 37.57 | HU23 | 30.47 | PL63 | 25.83 | ITE1 | 21.71 | HR03 | 13.74 | TR71 | 1.90 |
| IS001 | 37.14 | LV005 | 30.47 | HU1 | 25.79 | LV006 | 21.67 | ITF1 | 13.69 | TR63 | 1.87 |
| ES51 | 37.1 | EE004 | 30.44 | BG41 | 25.74 | AT21 | 21.59 | IE013 | 13.5 | ||
| FR51 | 37 | FR41 | 30 | BG31 | 25.62 | LT007 | 21.57 | IE024 | 13.4 | ||
| FR52 | 37 | UKJ | 30 | UKF | 25.6 | AT32 | 21.5 | ITF2 | 13.35 | ||
| FR71 | 37 | EE008 | 29.77 | PL52 | 25.57 | PL33 | 21.21 | ITF5 | 13.11 | ||
| UKI | 36.4 | PL51 | 29.73 | BG33 | 25.47 | ITD2 | 21.17 | HR04 | 13.04 |
Each NUTS region has a code: The first two letters refer to the country, followed by a regional denominator. ITF3, for instance, refers to the south Italian region Campania.
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